Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Stress and Anxiety on Alcohol Consumption Behavior in Early Adults
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.02.07Abstract
Background: Consumption of alcoholic beverages is a risk factor for health problems globally. The consumption of alcoholic beverages is very influential on the effect of calmness in people who have anxiety and stress disorders. The effect occurs because alcohol is classified as a psychoactive substance that affects nerves in the brain with the effect of dependence on the dose consumed. This study aims to assess the effect size of stress and anxiety on increased alcohol consumption behavior in early adulthood using a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by the previous authors.
Subjects and Method: This study was a meta-analysis with the following PICO, population: Early adults (18-25 years). Intervention: Stress and Anxiety. Comparison: no stress and no anxiety. Result: Increased Alcoholic Beverages Consumption Behavior. 9 The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The keywords for searching for articles were stress AND (Anxiety OR nervousness OR discomfort) AND ("consumption of drinking alcohol" OR "Alcohol use"). The included articles were full-text English with a cross-sectional study design from 2012 to 2022. Article selection was conducted using the PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 app.
Results: A total of 9 cross-sectional case studies from Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, and Australia were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. 7 studies discovered that stress increased alcoholic beverage consumption behavior in early adults by 1.29 times compared to low stress, and the result of the meta-analysis was statistically significant (aOR= 1.29; CI 95%= 1.31-1.47; p< 0.001) with the heterogeneity of I2= 84%, p<0.001. 7 studies of the effect of anxiety on increased alcoholic beverage consumption behavior in early adults showed anxiety increased alcoholic beverage consumption behavior in early adults by 1.59 times compared to low anxiety. The result of the meta-analysis was statistically significant (aOR= 1.59; CI 95%= 1.22-2.07; p= 0.001) with heterogeneity of I2=96%, p< 0.001.
Conclusion: Stress and anxiety increased the behavior of alcoholic beverage consumption in early adults..
Keywords: stress, anxiety, alcohol consumption.
Correspondence:
Windya Kartika Paramita. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: windyakartikap@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282227841414.
References
Ankrom S (2019). The Risks of Using Alcohol to Relieve Anxiety. https://-www.verywellmind.com/usingalcohol-to-relieve-anxiety-2584210. Accessed at November 17, 2022)
Asfaw H, Fekadu G, Tariku M, Oljira A (2021). Anxiety And Stress Among Undergraduate Medical Students Of Haramaya University, Eastern Ethiopia. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 17, 139–146. Doi: 10.2147/NDT.S290879.
Avery ART, Sang S, Seto EYW, Duncan GE (2020). Stress, Anxiety, and Change in Alcohol Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings Among Adult Twin Pairs. Frontiers in Psychiatry, September 11, 1–12. Doi: 10. 3389/fpsyt.2020.571084.
Boscarino JA, Kirchner HL, Hoffman SN, Sartorius J, Adams RE (2011). PTSD and alcohol use after the World Trade Center attacks: a longitudinal study. J Trauma Stress, 24.(5); 515-525.
Center for Evidence-Based Management (2014). Critical Appraisal Checklist for Cross-Sectional Study. Retrieved from https://www.cebma.org
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020). Fact sheets – alcohol use and your health.
Delker E, Brown Q, Hasin DS (2016). Alcohol Consumption In Demographic Subpopulations: An Epidemiologic Overview. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 38(1), 7–15.
George B (2015) Efficacy of Acceptance and Mindful Based Relapse Prevention Program on Emotion Regulation Difficulty among Alcoholics in Kerala India. J Alcohol Drug Depend 3: 205. doi: 10.4172/23296488.1000205
Jacob L, Smith L, Armstrong N C, Yakkundi A, Barnett Y, Butler L, Tully MA (2021). Alcohol use and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study in a sample of UK adults. Drug and alcohol dependence, 219, 108488.
Murti B (2018). Prinsip dan Metode Riset Epidemiologi (5th ed). Program Studi Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Sebelas Maret.
Mossman SA, Luft MJ, Schroeder HK, Varney ST (2017). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder: Signal detection and validation. Annals of clinical psychiatry: official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 29(4), 227–234A.
Nurwijaya H, Ikawati Z (2009). Bahaya Alkohol dan Cara Mencegah Kecan-duannya. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo.
Obeid S, Akel M, Haddad C, Fares K, Sacre H, Salameh P, Hallit S (2020). Factors Associated With Alcohol Use Disorder: The Role Of Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Alexithymia, and Work Fatigue- A Population Study In Leba¬non. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–Doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8345-1
Paulus DJ, Vujanovic AA, Schuhmann BB, Smith LJ, Tran J (2017). Main And Interactive Effects Of Depression And Posttraumatic Stress In Relation To Alcohol Dependence Among Urban Male Firefighters. Psychiatry Research, 251(January), 69–75. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.011
Siddaway AP, Wood AM, Hedges LV (2019). How to Do a Systematic Review: A Best Practice Guide for Conducting and Reporting Narrative Reviews, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Syntheses. In Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 70, Issue January). Doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418 102-803
Smith L, Jacob L, Yakkundi A, McDer¬mott, D, Armstrong NC, Barnett Y, Tully M A (2020). Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113138.
Utaminingtias W, Ishartono I, Hidayat EN (2016). Coping Stres Karyawan Da-lam Menghadapi Stres Kerja. Prosiding Penelitian dan Pengabdian ke¬pada Masyarakat, 3(2).
Verma S, & Mishra A. (2020). Depression, anxiety, and stress and socio-demographic correlates among the general Indian public during COVID-19. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry, 66(8), 756–762. Doi: 10.1177/0020764020934508
World Health Organization (2018) Management of substance abuse- WHO launches SAFER alcohol control initiative to prevent and reduce alcohol-related death and disability. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2018.
